Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a framework of hardware, software, policies, and standards used to manage digital certificates and public-key encryption. It enables secure communication, authentication, and data integrity across networks by using pairs of public and private cryptographic keys.

SSL/TLS encryption uses asymmetric cryptography to establish a secure connection between a client and server. When you visit an HTTPS site, your browser and the server perform an SSL/TLS handshake to exchange certificates and create an encrypted session, protecting data from interception.

Zero Trust is a security model that assumes no user or device should be trusted by default. It requires continuous verification of every access request, implementing microsegmentation, least-privilege access, and strict identity controls to prevent lateral movement by attackers.

Security certificates should typically be renewed before expiration, usually annually for standard certificates. However, automated certificate management systems can handle renewals 30-60 days before expiry to prevent service disruptions.

Code signing certificates authenticate software publishers and verify code integrity, while document signing certificates validate the identity of document signers and ensure documents haven't been tampered with. Both use public key cryptography but serve different purposes.

Protection against ransomware includes: regular data backups, email filtering, employee training, network segmentation, endpoint detection systems, and keeping software updated. A comprehensive backup strategy with offline copies is crucial for recovery.

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance) is an email authentication protocol that works with SPF and DKIM to prevent email spoofing and phishing attacks. It helps protect brand reputation and improves email deliverability.

IT Engineers Services provides comprehensive cybersecurity solutions including: PKI Solutions, Application Security, Identification & Authentication, Zero Trust implementation, Backup Solutions, DMARC configuration, Certificate Management, and Managed PKI services.